Common Latin Words Found in Genealogical Records - ThoughtCo "Ecclesiastical Abbreviations". In contradistinction to "i.e." To be certain, please check with an appraiser of antique jewelry as I suspect it may have a more specific meaning, such as the death of an infant. Serial Guide: Classics, Ancient Near East, Medieval Latin & Byzantine Studies. :zR} What does the LL stand for? Latin Abbreviations 4. The relicta reference indicates that Elisabeth was a widow of a man named Gregorij. (2021, September 2). OBt most likely indicates a shortening of the entire word (obiit). Library Guides: Medieval & Byzantine Studies: Abbreviations This word means once and so gives the mother's maiden name. Latin Parish Baptism Records - Brigham Young University Its not quite as bad as you might imagine because in many cases the priest was just using a standard formula and filling in the blanks. Most popular Latin abbreviations updated in February 2023. Hi, Im seeing this word in a number of Hungarian documents and Im sure its very simple but I cannot translate it and understand how it is being used in the context of some records. Abbreviations for Assyriology (CDLI) Reallexikon der Assyriologie. Baptismal Register - matricula baptizatorum, liber. 2 0 obj The abbreviations N. and Nblius seemed to me to be an abbreviation for Nobilis, meaning Noble, but the abbreviations G. and Gnosis had me stumped until I learned that these abbreviations stood for Generosis, again meaning Noble, albiet a Noble of higher status than one with only the title Nobilis. frequency, e.g. Written for the Carnival of Eastern European Genealogy. Latin abbreviations in birth record | Latin D The following are some of of the abbreviations which he used: M - Married, D - Died, W - Widowed, R - Moved from the parish, C- Changed his address within the parish, N - New resident, P - Poor man. of the abbreviation for the degree is from the genitive plural. Please go to the beginning and end of the record set to see if abbreviations have been defined. wedding= Knobstick wedding; the wedding of a pregnant single woman to the putative father-to-be, under pressure from the parish vestry. Religion, Baptist, Training. You may want to purchase a Latin to English dictionary to help with translations. witness . Rector Miss. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. vel Miss. Reading Latin baptism, marriage and death records can be difficult at times. Post indicates after an event. Introduces an example (as opposed to an explanation): "The shipping company instituted a surcharge on any items weighing over a ton; Followed by the dates during which the person, usually famous, was active and productive in his/her profession. 19 Most Common Abbreviations in German Genealogy Also, consult a variety of resources, such as these: Do you have a question about a Latin phrase youve encountered in your family history research? "in a relaxed, generous (or 'ample') sense", "it is permitted to know", "one may know", "to wit", "if there is need", "if occasion require", "if necessary". Thank you. It contains genealogical information about millions of people from many nations. Example: "That patient needs attention, "namely", "to wit", "precisely", "that is to say". This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 16:12. Coad, You will see that the priest is expected to indicate his rank. g.h.o. Commonly, such contractions appear at the end of a word andtheysometimes include a stroke to indicate that letters are missing. place of residence with house number . In some countries registers of Protestant churches, such as Lutherans and Anglicans, were also maintained in Latin. Latin, Hungarian and Slovak translations to English of church records for baptism, marriage, and death records. I recommend you look for other records (written by the same recorder on nearby pages to see if there is something similar that might give clarity to the old script. 3 Responses Melanie Zumwalde says: May 5, 2022 at 4:44 pm. The term lustruis or lustrous may have indicated salutaris which has something to do with healing. In many countries throughout the world, Catholic parish records were written in Latin even into the 20th century. As one would expect, these printed versions were entirely in Latin. Church Abbreviations 6. I know what all of it means except the last word. Extra! Pingback: Beyond Amo, Amas, Amat: Latin for Genealogists | SpittalStreet.com. This 1807 newspaper article implies that the definition includes a man (or in the case of caelibia, a woman), in search of a wife. Usually at the end of mathematical proofs. Thus there may have been abstentions from the vote. (Dates in Latin--see next section.) All abbreviations are given with full stops, although, in most situations, these are omitted or included as a personal preference. How to Read Old German Church Records - Family Tree Magazine See our separate guide to Latin terms for examples of this. for de facto (in reality) or de fide (article of faith.) 6 0 obj Before 1752, the year officially began on 25 March. German Genealogical Research: Common Abbreviations and Symbols - Blogger Wm = William =Willus. Under the Julian reckoning, months were abbreviated thus: Under the calendar year with the Gregorian reckoning, the months of January, February and March became the initial months of the year, not the final months. lists Christian names; lists titles of columns in registers; . % If you look carefully again at the f.p. I suspect youll see that the f hasnt got its little cross-stroke. Norwegian Genealogy Dictionary - Norwegian Genealogy and then some Catholic, Roman, Ecclesiastical . sep.= sepuliebatur or sepultus(-a) erat; was buried, par.=parochie; of the parish ofq. For instance, 7br refers to Septem or month number 7 occurring during the . Catholic Encyclopedia. Medieval manuscripts abound in abbreviations, owing in part to the abandonment of the uncial, or quasi-uncial, and the almost universal use of the cursive, hand. Re: Abbreviations in 18th century Parish baptism records. This page has been viewed 61,888 times (0 via redirect). For instance, one of the records (translated) reads thus: Niels Pedersen and Dorethe Thomasdatter of Albge _?_ (a child) in the church called Thomas. <> Thanks for clearing up that little mystery for me. D.C. Decreto Conscriptorum. To illustrate, lets examine the Latin word caelebs, which is related to the word celibate. <> BTU. By Rick Crume Premium. = colored, kno. Abbreviations & Acronyms for Genealogy - The Accepted - geni family tree Latin Genealogical Terms. "If you are well, it is good. This late 16th-century example is of the words 'A declaracion': -rum. Latin Parish Church Records - Brigham Young University Can you tell me what orse stands for? 12 0 obj The list of 9.3k Church acronyms and abbreviations (February 2023): 50 Categories. Terminology, Meanings and Descriptions of Genealogical Abbreviations Baptist Training Union. Although the specific requirements for keeping parish registers have changed from time to time, the formats of baptisms,marriage and death/burial entries have stayed basically the same. Sometimes Anno Domini was used. A list of those used in Roman Republican and early Imperial times may be seen in James Chidester Egbert, Jr.'s Latin Inscriptions (New York City, 1896), 417459. The birth date was assumed to be October(10th month), 28, 1874. Learning to read Roman numerals and a little basic Latin will help you transcribe and understand the manuscript documents that you collect. Suggest. Thanks. Anno Dni. 18. eod. Sort. endobj SBL Handbook of Style: for Biblical Studies and Related Disciplines 2014. It would also be useful to contact a Polish church to verify the meaning. Im pretty sure of the first word. 5 Million More Newspaper Articles Recently Added! There was less medieval abbreviation in the text of books much used on public occasions, e.g. 3. Latin Language and Script Resources for the Genealogist xWMk$7qYRkOl{09a J-u{iUuSTf7L|>BHg^ f`n7__dN Latin Acronyms and Latin Abbreviations - List of 1.4k Baptism of Catharina Walsh on 15 February, 1887, in England Roman Catholic Parish Baptisms. Translating Parish Records - Births Jane's Genes Without seeing the document, its not possible to determine what trem. stands for. Most genealogy researchers define caelebs as a man who was singleso if you didnt explore further, you might assume that caelebs indicated someone who had never been married. Change). Translating German Baptismal Records: A Step by Step Guide Suggest. Hi there, perhaps you can help me: on a South African death certificate dated 1890, the doctor wrote the following for Condition in Life: Fide maiter lustrous. 5 0 obj List of ecclesiastical abbreviations - Wikipedia The degree is typically studied for in fine art, humanities, social science or theology and can be either fully taught, research-based, or a combination of the two. This is a list of common Latin abbreviations. They are not, correctly speaking, abbreviations. I go to my abbreviation finder website, . Missus. Did you see that its definition includes widower? simply means that nobody voted against. Thanks for any help. Abbreviations in 18th century Parish baptism records - RootsChat Cindy Brooman says: . Thank you for this question. Need help deciphering church record abbreviations [closed] - WikiTree ? Sort. Roman. Genealogy 101: Who Is My First Cousin Once Removed? I am pretty new to trying to read and translate Latin (I did have 4 years of high school Latin, but that was 50 years ago) https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSZ5-3BRX?i=78 image 79 right side 1st entry. Anno pto. Fortunately, a growing number of online books and websites address these issues of Latin contractions and abbreviations. I cannot answer definitively, but suspect it was an indication of pylorie, a kind of stomach infection. It is possible that these abbreviations may refer to the names of the parents. If this is a child or mothers record, the p could possibly stand for partem (birth) and the d.f. 3 0 obj 4 0 obj Not to be confused with. Jos = Joseph. I think these are all classifying the parents' religion (s), but cannot find anything explaining them. It is used to avoid repeating the name of a male author (in citations, footnotes, bibliographies, etc.) I know he was a probate judge, but am not sure if the abbreviation means that or not. The year of Christ the Savior, similar to A.D. Used when referring the reader to a passage beginning in a certain place, and continuing, e.g., "p.6 et seqq." G0((bMnx(g'. Kimberly Powell is a professional genealogist and the author of The Everything Guide to Online Genealogy. What is the P.L. in the column Per Quem Copulati? Handwritten in church book, 1831. Powell, Kimberly. The use of conventional phrases and abbreviations continues today. A dedicated genealogist, she, You can unsubscribe at any time. <> Any help would be appreciated. Church Abbreviations. We can see the names of the bride and groom, their parents and where they were from, the names of the witnesses and where they were from. Learning to read Roman numerals and a little basic Latin will help you transcribe and understand the manuscript documents that you collect. endstream B16 = Pope Benedict XVI. A. D. but more often Anno P (and a variety of letters that followed.) The abbreviations of the titles of Roman Congregations, and of the individual canonical ecclesiastical authorities, belong also to this class. [citation needed]. Acronymns, Abbreviations, and Contractions in Genealogical Documents This abbreviation was used in English as well as Latin. Finally, the FamilySearch website includes a list of Latin Genealogical Word List, providing a concise online source of the most frequently encountered Latin terms in genealogical documents. Record TypesBaptismal Register - matricula baptizatorum, liberCensus - censusChurch Records - parish matrica (parish registers)Death Register - certificato di morteMarriage Register - matrica (marriage register), bannorum (register of marriage banns), liberMilitary - militaris, bellicus, Family EventsBaptism / Christening - baptismi, baptizatus, renatus, plutus, lautus, purgatus, ablutus, lustratioBirth - nati, natus, genitus, natales, ortus, oriundusBurial - sepulti, sepultus, humatus, humatioDeath - mortuus, defunctus, obitus, denatus, decessus, peritus, mors, mortis, obiit, decessitDivorce - divortiumMarriage - matrimonium, copulatio, copulati, conjuncti, nupti, sponsati, ligati, maritiMarriage (banns) - banni, proclamationes, denuntiationes, RelationshipsAncestor - antecessor, patres (forefathers)Aunt - amita (paternal aunt); matertera, matris soror (maternal aunt)Brother - frater, frates gemelli (twin brothers)Brother-in-law - affinis, sororiusChild - ifans, filius (son of), filia (daughter of), puer, prolesCousin - sobrinus, generDaughter - filia, puella; filia innupta (unwed daughter); unigena (only begotten daughter)Descendant - proles, successioFather - pater (father), pater ignoratus (unknown father), novercus (stepfather)Grandchild - nepos ex fil, nepos (grandson); neptis (granddaughter)Grandfather - avus, pater patris (paternal grandfather)Grandmother - avia, socrus magna (maternal grandmother)Great-grandchild - pronepos (great grandson); proneptis (great granddaughter)Great-grandfather - proavus, abavus (2nd great grandfather), atavus (3rd great grandfather)Great-grandmother - proavia, proava, abavia (2nd great grandmother)Husband - uxor (spouse), maritus, sponsus, conjus, coniux, ligatus, virMother - materNiece/Nephew - amitini, filius fratris/sororis (nephew), filia fratris/sororis (niece)Orphan, Foundling - orbus, orbaParents - parentes, genitoresRelatives - propinqui (relatives); agnati, agnatus (paternal relatives); cognati, cognatus (maternal relatives); affines, affinitas (related by marriage, in-laws)Sister - soror, germana, glos (husband's sister)Sister-in-law - glorisSon - filius, natusSon-in-law - generUncle - avunculus (paternal uncle), patruus (maternal uncle)Wife - vxor/uxor (spouse), marita, conjux, sponsa, mulier, femina, consorsWidow - vidua, relictaWidower - viduas, relictus, DatesDay - dies, dieMonth - mensis, mensesYear - annus, anno; often abbreviated Ao, AE or aEMorning - maneNight - nocte, vespere (evening)January - JanuariusFebruary - FebruariusMarch - MartiusApril - AprilisMay - MaiusJune - Junius, IuniusJuly - Julius, Iulius, QuinctilisAugust - AugustusSeptember - September, Septembris, 7ber, VIIberOctober - October, Octobris, 8ber, VIIIberNovember - November, Novembris, 9ber, IXberDecember - December, Decembris, 10ber, Xber, Other Common Latin Genealogical TermsAnd others - et alii (et. When encounteringthe abbreviation c withwhat appeared to bean apostrophe above the letter, one might suspect it to be a contraction of cum meaning with, and indeed that is the case. Dear Erudita74, Thank you so much! Im researching Slovak church records in Latin. Used in several related senses such as "in the sense of" or "in accordance with". Notice in this newspaper clipping example, Margaret is referred to as the relict, or widow, of the late William McCarron. OB is an indication of the Latin word obiit (death) and if it is followed by a date, that would be the date of death of a loved one. In 1752, two changes were made to the English Calendar. legitimus (abbreviations: leg. Abbreviations, ECCLESIASTICAL.The words most commonly abbreviated at all times are proper names, titles (official or customary), of persons or corporations, and words of frequent occurrence.A good list of those used in Roman Republican and early Imperial times may be seen in Egbert's "Latin Inscriptions" (New York, 1896), 417-459.The Jewish scribes and Talmudic scholars also had . First, learn common words, such as Gatte (husband), Tauf (baptism) and names of months. vel Miss. As seen in the previous examples, relationship statuses can be specific in Latin. Jno or Johes = JohnHy = HenryWm = William =Willus xpher or Xpoferus= Christopher The first two letters are not really X and p but the greek letter X(Ch) and p (r) Xp was a customary abbreviation for Christ. <> absolusjon - absolution (religious) absolutio (latin) - to confess ones sins. 1712. And now search early newspapers for the term. (abbreviation) Anonymous. ", "&e.", "&ct.", and "&ca.". This is one of the Latin abbreviations frequently used in German documents. }w~3SVZ|1 8 i1FV8ZojUNR[d(>/}|~Zfif)C|ZwgvX>Y:|leFT7y2Qp.n,K7{+]Q__u6Ga?NG]Q/)vNvt/a"t1R!qYDsT (pudica virgine) Maria Eva Gade Joes Georgii Gade Scabini et hospitis ad ursum et Barbarae ejus uxorii legitimus. Missus., it looks as though both words are abbreviations but it doesnt seem too important at this point. Latin for local history : an introduction, A Latin glossary for family and local historians, Understanding Documents for Genealogy and Local History, Paleography: Interpreting Handwriting in Genealogical Research, Some Notes on Medieval English Palaeography. Mary. stands for prole legitima, or a legitimate child. I suspect that this entry is from a manuscript book register with the entries written out in free text. Apos. Many priests did start using English before . Translation: Honest young man Nicolaus Jochim son of deceased Friedrich Adam Jochim mayor of this town and Anna Barbara deceased his second legitimate wife with chaste virgin Maria Eva Gade daughter of George Gade, alderman and innkeeper (adursum??) Denby is a community near Penistone, but what does trem. Most of those in actual use fall under one or other of the following heads: Administrative, Liturgical, Scholastic, and Chronological. Print: PN147.S26 2014 RR4 Religion/ANE. nat. mean? It is also a reminder to us family historians that Catholic registers are records of the pastoral work of the priest, not of a place. Looking through Ukrainian church records from 1839. }~eXV2B7F(b `-; _a uU%7Q@| I recommend reviewing the text to see if there is another possibility for these letters. For example Jacobum (accusative form of Jacobus) can mean Jacob or James, cross checking with census records will resolve this. They were once very numerous, and lists of them may be seen in the works quoted below (e.g. (abbreviation for geboorte-, huwelijks en overlijdensregisters) birth, marriage and death registers: geb. For example, avus refers to grandfather, avia to grandmother, and avi is used to indicate grandparents. Among the most difficultwords to understand in Latinmanuscripts are those that elide or suspend entire groups of letters withina word,such as the examples of Nblius and Gnosis shown above. This term appears to mean 'in the current year.'. Jos = JosephGeo = George Sometimes on church records names may be abbreviated, so for example the abbreviation may actually read DL, which would be short for Daniel. We value your, A Genealogists Guide to Old Latin Terms & Abbreviations. <> "Latin Genealogical Terms." In addition to records of the sacraments performed in the parish, administrativerecords of parish activities exist. = manuscript, Terr.Tent.=Terre Tenant the lord of a manor or freeholder in actual occupation of the land, as distinct from his superior lord.X = a mark made by a person instead of a signature; Christ; ChristianOED = Oxford English Dictionary, Abbreviations Lists for Personal Names (English), UK Genealogy - Common Acronyms and Jargon, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=Abbreviations_Found_in_Genealogy_Records&oldid=4774178. That means its not an f at all but a long lower-case s, which means exactly the same as the ordinary short lower-case s were all used to. Without seeing the original or knowing the time period, I can not give you a definitive answer. Church Abbreviations in Latin 2. Often abbreviated as "r." followed by the dates during which the king or queen reigned/ruled, as opposed to the monarch's dates of birth and death. 2nd ed. Marriage Register - matrica (marriage register), bannorum (register of marriage banns), liber. In a few cases, English referents have replaced the original Latin ones (e.g., "rest in peace" for RIP and "postscript" for PS). Beginner's Latin. Just after the frontispiece, there were instructions on how to complete the entries, with the printed text in normal print and the priests entries in italics , Anno 1885 die 13 mensis Maii, Ego N.N. Latin in Irish Roman Catholic parish registers - Irish Genealogy Toolkit The closest Latin words would be faithful (fidem) and mother (mater), but its more likely a cause of death. Letter forms and abbreviations - The University of Nottingham This class includes also the abbreviations for the names of most sees. To me it looks more like JP C). This is a mixture of Latin and English abbreviations. Also includes a list of Latin and Hungarian terms for occupations and causes of death. Latin Abbreviations. Meaning Abbreviated Abbreviations Common. Hi, Thank you for your message. Contractions in early Latin miniscule mss. Learn how church records can reveal immigrant ancestors' origins, provide mystery parents' names, stand in for missing birth records and more. <> John = Joannes, Jno. That is, thankfully for everyone except family historians. Used before a chapter number of laws of the, A document containing a summary or listing of relevant job experience and education. The list of Church abbreviations in Latin. = obit; dieds.p. Use our online form to ask a librarian for help. R.I.P. Requiescat In Pace. Rector Miss or MR equates with Missionary Rector. Notice in this example, Mrs. Ann Parrott is referred to as the consort of Mr. James Parrott. Vowel-sounds were frequently written not after, but over, the consonants. May also refer in parish chest materials to Smoke-penny= one of the dues once payable at Eastertime to the incumbent of a parish by his parishioners, in this case from the occupier of a house with a fireplace. Have a question? Merovingian, Lombard, and Anglo-Saxon scripts offer each their own abbreviations, not to speak of the unique scotica manus or libri scottice scripti (Irish hand, or books written in the medieval Irish hand). al)Anno Domini (A.D.) - in the year of our LordArchive - archiviaCatholic church - ecclesia catholicaCemetery (graveyard) - cimiterium, coemeteriumGenealogy - genealogiaIndex - indiceHousehold - familiaName, given - nomen, dictus (named), vulgo vocatus (alias)Name, surname (family name) - cognomen, agnomen (also nickname)Name, maiden - look for "from" or "of" to indicate maiden namenata (born), ex (from), de (of)Obit - (he or she) diedObit sine prole (o.s.p.) In particular, Lindsays bookon Latin contractions (Lindsay, W. M. 1908. Most Hungarian birth/baptismal records prior to October 1895 will be found in Catholic Church parish registers. The exact usage of the term varies between British English and American English. Often used parenthetically after the monarch's name. In the third class belong scholastic abbreviations, used to designate honorific titles acquired in the schools, to avoid the repetition of lengthy titles of books and reviews, or to facilitate reference to ecclesiastical and civil legislation. Rutter, Sampson, Swinerd, Head, Redman in Kent. Newspapers Break through Genealogy Brick Wall, Solving 100-Year Mystery, http://ao.salldata.dk/vis1.php?bsid=159553&side=167, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSZ5-3BRX?i=78. I dont understand Apcus. There are links to materials focusing on texts in different languages including Latin. anon. A part of the monarch's title, it is found on all British coins. Latin abbreviations in baptismal records. <>>> Latin was used in legal and church records in the past. In many countries throughout the world, Catholic parish records were written in Latin even into the 20th century. 1 0 obj Curates submitted annual returns of baptisms, marriages and burials to the diocese authority (Bishop's Transcripts). "Latin Genealogical Terms." <>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Source - Baptismal record - Dutch Genealogy Two similar historical Latin terms often found in old obituaries are consort and relict; as noted in the following examples, they tell a researcher specifically if a woman was a widow prior to her death, or if her husband became a widower after she died. Hi. PDF LATIN IN PARISH REGISTERS AND LATINISED NAMES - Five Nine This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Herbermann, Charles, ed. endobj I remember a particularly tense parent-teacher conference when I was a girl, during which the teacher implied that I wasnt well-suited for the subject. Among the Romans, this was a traditional salutation at the beginning of a letter. Dictionary of terms found in Church Records In "Xmas" the second letter has been dropped. Thank you for your question. 17. p.t. The stone had a cross that was engraved with the initials: CSMA, which were in the cross and set forth thus (the A was in the middle of the cross): Can you tell me what the CSMA stands for? The following is a condensed list of terms most commonly used in Latin church records. Some people use "Note" for the same purpose. the Holy Mass, the Divine Office (Breviary), the ecclesiastical devotions, etc. When quoting a female author, use the corresponding feminine form. = quarto; oversize book, wf/o = wife ofadmon or admin = letters of administrationcol. Need assistance? There's also helpful background on Irish . These websites contain text samples and other source materials. Negative = "No"; Negative et amplius = "No with emphasis"). There are several factors that make these records difficult to read, including the facts that: In my own research, the contractions, abbreviations, titles, and postnomials have often confounded my ability to transcribe and translate the documents I encounter.
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